kulawrKutafin Law ReviewKutafin Law Review2713-05252713-0533MSAL10.17803/2713-0533.2025.4.34.996-1022kulawr-732Research ArticleCROSS-BORDER AND DOMESTIC LEGAL CHALLENGESThe Balance between Objective Justice and Disputed Justice within the Framework of the Attributive Approach: A Comparative Study.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8807-1628AldulaimiR.

Rana Aldulaimi, Assistant Professor

rana.shihab@aliraqia.edu.iqCollege of Law and Political ScienceIraq2025060120261249961022Copyright © Aldulaimi R., 20262026Aldulaimi R.Aldulaimi R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://kulawr.msal.ru/jour/article/view/732

The study aims to explain a new type of justice in the framework of the attributional approach, which combines the logic of the attribution and the logic of the material preference of the legislator while making a balance between this type and the traditional type — disputed justice that is achieved when applying the national attributive rule of a mechanical nature with rigid and neutral application. Until the use of the concept of objective justice as a corrective means of Iraqi national dispute rules by considering it as an attributive goal, the basis of attributive justice aims not only to reach out to a framework of engaging the legal relationship with a legal system, but also to search for the best result that can be applied to resolve the dispute. Accordingly, this study aims to establish the necessary reform rules from which the legislator will start in the field of Iraqi attributive rules. Therefore, we recommend the Iraqi legislator include the rule of the harmful act as evaluation means, which is one of the most trusted laws, by making several amendments including Art. 19, 22, and 27 of the Civil Code to avoid any legal issues during the trials in the Iraqi courts.

attributive RulesCivil Codedisputed justiceIraqi legislatorlegal systemobjective justiceReferencesAbu Elwafa, A., (1954). Natharyat aldofo’ fi qanoon almorafa’at [Theory of Defense in the Pleading Law]. Cairo: Almaarif Foundation. (In Arabic).Abu Elwafa, A., (1954). Natharyat aldofo’ fi qanoon almorafa’at [Theory of Defense in the Pleading Law]. Cairo: Almaarif Foundation. (In Arabic).Ahmed, R., (2023). Were the 2021 Iraqi Elections Fair? Middle East Quarterly. Available at: https://cdn-mef.meforum.org/ff/06/5097b07886b022f0c644e9f5eecb/64750.pdf.Ahmed, R., (2023). Were the 2021 Iraqi Elections Fair? Middle East Quarterly. Available at: https://cdn-mef.meforum.org/ff/06/5097b07886b022f0c644e9f5eecb/64750.pdf.Albustani, S., (2009). Aljamee fi alqanoon aldawli alkhas [The Comprehensive of the Private International Law]. Beirut: Alhalabi Law Press. (In Arabic).Albustani, S., (2009). Aljamee fi alqanoon aldawli alkhas [The Comprehensive of the Private International Law]. Beirut: Alhalabi Law Press. (In Arabic).Ancel, M., (1955). International Committee of Comparative Law Inquiry on the Organization and Purposes of Institutes of Comparative Law. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 4(2), pp. 248–268, doi: 10.2307/837230.Ancel, M., (1955). International Committee of Comparative Law Inquiry on the Organization and Purposes of Institutes of Comparative Law. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 4(2), pp. 248–268, doi: 10.2307/837230.Ashoosh, A., (1992). Qanoon alaqd bain thabat alyaqeen wa etebarataladalah [The Law of Contract Between Stability and the Considerations of Justice]. Cairo: Alshabab Foundation. (In Arabic).Ashoosh, A., (1992). Qanoon alaqd bain thabat alyaqeen wa etebarataladalah [The Law of Contract Between Stability and the Considerations of Justice]. Cairo: Alshabab Foundation. (In Arabic).Audit, B., (2004). Le droit international privé en quete d’universalité: cours général [Private International Law in Search of Universality: General Course]. (In French).Audit, B., (2004). Le droit international privé en quete d’universalité: cours général [Private International Law in Search of Universality: General Course]. (In French).Batiffol, H. and Lagarde, P., (1993). Traité de Droit International Privé [Treatise on Private International Law]. Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence. (In French).Batiffol, H. and Lagarde, P., (1993). Traité de Droit International Privé [Treatise on Private International Law]. Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence. (In French).Boer, T.M., de, (1996). Facultative choice of law: The procedural status of choice-of-law rules and foreign law. Recueil des Cours, Vol. 257, pp. 223–427.Boer, T.M., de, (1996). Facultative choice of law: The procedural status of choice-of-law rules and foreign law. Recueil des Cours, Vol. 257, pp. 223–427.Bogdan, M., (2011). Private International Law as Component of the Law of the Forum: General Course on Private International Law. Recueil des Cours, Vol. 348. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff .Bogdan, M., (2011). Private International Law as Component of the Law of the Forum: General Course on Private International Law. Recueil des Cours, Vol. 348. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff .Buruianã, M.E., (2016). L’application de la loi étrangère en Droit International Privé [The Application of Foreign Law in Private International Law]. Doctoral dissertation, Université de Bordeaux. (In French).Buruianã, M.E., (2016). L’application de la loi étrangère en Droit International Privé [The Application of Foreign Law in Private International Law]. Doctoral dissertation, Université de Bordeaux. (In French).Fattah, B., (2016). Qema al-khair fi falsafat al-tashreia: al-qanoon al-madani al-yabani [Value of Good Will in the Legislative Philosophy: The Japanese Civil Code]. Baghdad: University Press. (In Arabic).Fattah, B., (2016). Qema al-khair fi falsafat al-tashreia: al-qanoon al-madani al-yabani [Value of Good Will in the Legislative Philosophy: The Japanese Civil Code]. Baghdad: University Press. (In Arabic).Fauvarque-Cosson, B., (2000). Droit Comparé et Droit International Privé: La Confrontation de Deux Logiques à Travers L’exemple des Droits Fondamentaux [Comparative Law and Private International Law: The Confrontation of Two Logics through the Example of Fundamental Rights]. Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé, 52(4), pp. 797–818. (In French).Fauvarque-Cosson, B., (2000). Droit Comparé et Droit International Privé: La Confrontation de Deux Logiques à Travers L’exemple des Droits Fondamentaux [Comparative Law and Private International Law: The Confrontation of Two Logics through the Example of Fundamental Rights]. Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé, 52(4), pp. 797–818. (In French).Foussard, D., Niboyet, M.L. and Nourissat, C., (2022). RéÀexions méthodologiques sur le projet de code de droit international privé [Methodological ReÀections on the Draft Code of Private International Law]. Revue critique de droit international privé, 3(3), pp. 477–501. (In French).Foussard, D., Niboyet, M.L. and Nourissat, C., (2022). RéÀexions méthodologiques sur le projet de code de droit international privé [Methodological ReÀections on the Draft Code of Private International Law]. Revue critique de droit international privé, 3(3), pp. 477–501. (In French).Francescakis, P., (1958). La théorie du Renvoi et les ConÀits de Systèmes en Droit International Privé [The Theory of Renvoi and ConÀicts of Legal Systems in Private International Law]. Paris: Sirey. (In French).Francescakis, P., (1958). La théorie du Renvoi et les ConÀits de Systèmes en Droit International Privé [The Theory of Renvoi and ConÀicts of Legal Systems in Private International Law]. Paris: Sirey. (In French).Haddad, H., (2005). Almujaz fi al-qanoon al-dawli-alkhas [Abs tract in the Private International Law]. Beirut: Alhalabi Law Press. (In Arabic).Haddad, H., (2005). Almujaz fi al-qanoon al-dawli-alkhas [Abs tract in the Private International Law]. Beirut: Alhalabi Law Press. (In Arabic).Jaber, M., (2019). Ta’athor amal qawaed alesnad alwataniya [Impossibility of Acting the National Attribution Rules]. An Unpublished MA Thesis. Tanta: Tanta University. (In Arabic).Jaber, M., (2019). Ta’athor amal qawaed alesnad alwataniya [Impossibility of Acting the National Attribution Rules]. An Unpublished MA Thesis. Tanta: Tanta University. (In Arabic).Jorge, M., (1988). Les rattachements en droit international privé [Connecting Factors in Private International Law]. Doctoral dissertation. Paris: Université Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne.Jorge, M., (1988). Les rattachements en droit international privé [Connecting Factors in Private International Law]. Doctoral dissertation. Paris: Université Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne.Kegel, G., (1964). The crisis of conÀict of laws. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff .Kegel, G., (1964). The crisis of conÀict of laws. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff .Khalid, H., (2014). Alehala: dirasa tatbeqia fi nitaq alqanoon aldawli alkhas alarabi. [The Referring: A Practical Study in the Scope ofthe Arabic Private International Law]. Alexandria: Dar Alfikir Aljame’. (In Arabic).Khalid, H., (2014). Alehala: dirasa tatbeqia fi nitaq alqanoon aldawli alkhas alarabi. [The Referring: A Practical Study in the Scope ofthe Arabic Private International Law]. Alexandria: Dar Alfikir Aljame’. (In Arabic).Lagarde, P., (1986). Le Principe de Proximité dans le Droit International Privé Contemporain: Cours Général de Droit International Privé [The Principle of Proximity in Contemporary Private International Law: General Course in Private International Law]. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff . (In French).Lagarde, P., (1986). Le Principe de Proximité dans le Droit International Privé Contemporain: Cours Général de Droit International Privé [The Principle of Proximity in Contemporary Private International Law: General Course in Private International Law]. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff . (In French).Pigeonniere, P.L., (1924). Observations sur la Question du Renvoi [Observations on the Question of Renvoi]. Revue de droit international privé, 20, pp. 1–24. (In French).Pigeonniere, P.L., (1924). Observations sur la Question du Renvoi [Observations on the Question of Renvoi]. Revue de droit international privé, 20, pp. 1–24. (In French).Sadiq, H., (1974). Tanazu’ alqawanen [Dispute of Laws]. Cairo: Almaarif Foundation. (In Arabic).Sadiq, H., (1974). Tanazu’ alqawanen [Dispute of Laws]. Cairo: Almaarif Foundation. (In Arabic).Salama, A., (2008). A;-osoul fi tanazo el-qauaneen [The Principles in the ConÀict of Laws in Private International Law]. Cairo: Dar Alnahda. (In Arabic).Salama, A., (2008). A;-osoul fi tanazo el-qauaneen [The Principles in the ConÀict of Laws in Private International Law]. Cairo: Dar Alnahda. (In Arabic).Sourani, A., (2013). Tatbeeq alqanoon alajnabo amam alqatha’a aldawli [An Application of the Foreign Law Before the National Judiciary]. Master’s Thesis. Aleppo: Aleppo University. (In Arabic).Sourani, A., (2013). Tatbeeq alqanoon alajnabo amam alqatha’a aldawli [An Application of the Foreign Law Before the National Judiciary]. Master’s Thesis. Aleppo: Aleppo University. (In Arabic).Tallies, A., (1924). Elm al-akhlaq to neqomakhos [Science of Ethics to Niqomakhos]. Translated from French to Arabic by Elsayed, L. Cairo: Dar Alkutob Almasrya Press. (In Arabic).Tallies, A., (1924). Elm al-akhlaq to neqomakhos [Science of Ethics to Niqomakhos]. Translated from French to Arabic by Elsayed, L. Cairo: Dar Alkutob Almasrya Press. (In Arabic).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.